The Future Of Renewable Energy - 2226 Words

Renewable energy constitutes the energy coming from sources that do not get depleted with time. These sources are not typically exhausted and are environmental friendly. Although this paper will focuses more on hydropower, the types of renewable energy sources available in Canada include solar power, wind power, geothermal energy, ocean energy, and bio-energy. Renewable energy in Canada has as well had its environmental impacts. The outcomes pose various impacts to the environment either positively or negatively and end up affecting people’s lives. Canada has had greater embrace on renewable energy, particularly hydropower and nuclear. In 2011, it was the sixth largest wind power producer worldwide. In Ontario, there are numerous photovoltaic plants of power. A tidal plant is located in Annapolis found in Nova Scotia, and it utilizes the tides generated by the Fundy Bay. Canada has over twenty hydro power stations majority of these located in Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Al berta, Quebec and Labrador (Islam, Fartaj Ting, 2013). A brief look at the sources of Renewable energy in Canada It is quite notable that Canada has the large reserves of renewable energy. In the year 2012, it produced three times more renewable energy than the whole of Germany (McKirdy Solar Energy Society of Canada, 2011). Sources of renewable energy include: †¢ Tidal energy: Canada has North America’s only tidal plant. This is located in Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia, Canada. The highest tides inShow MoreRelatedThe Future Of Renewable Energy1709 Words   |  7 Pagesnatural gas for a majority of its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, and they draw on limited resources that will eventually diminish and become too costly or too environmentally damaging to reclaim. In contrast, the many types of renewable energy resources-such as wind and solar energy-are regularly replenished and will may never run out. Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or what is referred to as solar energy, can be used directly for heatingRead MoreClean And Renewable Energy Is The Future Essay1998 Words   |  8 PagesDeep Patel Mr. Hasty AP English 4 December 2016 Clean and Renewable Energy is the Future There are multitudes of problems with fossil fuels, but one is that they are nonrenewable. We will be out of natural gas in about 50 years and oil between 2025-2070 (Senior). Most of our world is currently dependent on fossil fuels, and this is an alarming fact. For example, recently there was a gas shortage in Fort Mill, S.C. and it was hard to find gas for multiple days. This fairly small shortageRead MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy Future Energy Resources2146 Words   |  9 Pages Conserve Energy Future: Excessive Usage of Non-Renewable Sources of Energy Deteriorates the Scope for Future Energy Resources Syed Rehanuddin Quadri LS-608-EV: Professional Writing Research Professor Cynthia October 18, 2014 Abstract Nowadays, the world is suffering from various crises like ebola to polar vortex but the problem of global warming and extinction of various resources are persistent from decades. The evolution of these problems is due to excessive usage or dependenceRead MoreRenewable Energy Is Our Future Energy Sources1260 Words   |  6 PagesCurrent Events Essay: Renewable Resources Are Our Future Energy Sources Renewable energy resources are our future energy sources and great strides are being made by using these energy applications to improve the environmental impact towards protecting Earth. Hossain, K.A. writes in The Journal of Fundamental Renewable Energy and Applications that there are basically three sources of energy: fossil fuel, nuclear fuel, and renewable fuel sources (Hossain). Fossil fuels are being used up, nuclearRead MoreRenewable Energy : The Beneficial Option For The Future !1227 Words   |  5 PagesRenewable energy; the beneficial option for the future! The threat of global warming is influencing people to become â€Å"greener,† turning to renewable energy options which are often referred to as alternative energy. Renewable energy refers to energy that does not come from burning of fossil fuels or pollutant infused methods to provide energy. It is the harnessing of natural resources that are constantly renewable such as sunlight for solar panels and wind for wind turbines, just to name two (LambRead MoreRenewable Energy Future For New York1825 Words   |  8 PagesRenewable energy has been a controversial topic for many people. People are either for it or against. Renewable energy seems to be the new energy for the future. WWS should help reduce fossil fuel, thus helping reduce global warming and creating a better future for tomorrow. However, there are major challenges to this such as cost, scarcity of materials, and other lack of other resources. We should use WWS because its benefits outweigh the negatives. â€Å"Stanford Researcher maps out alternative energyRead MoreEssay on Wind power and future of renewable energy1392 Words   |  6 PagesWind power and future of renewable energy Abstract: Due to the development of technology around the world, the need of energy is increasing every year. But, what would be the best way to produce energy without polluting the air, or depleting fossil fuels? Renewable energy would also be the best solution for this problem. Of the available sources of renewable energy, wind power shows much promise. Wind turbines have been used through many generations, and the technology continues to develop. WindRead MoreEssay about Renewable Energy: A Bright Future707 Words   |  3 PagesIn chapter thirteen of our book, Environment by Raven and Berg, it shows us just how important renewable energy sources are. Currently the United States of America thrives on the use of fossil fuels and nuclear power. The main problems with these types of fuel are that they are both limited and can be extremely harmful to our environment. They cause global warming, air pollution, acid rain, and oil spills (Environment), and not only that, but in the grand scheme of things, these sources reallyRead MoreHawaii’s Renewable Energy Future Essay example1859 Words   |  8 Pagespercent of its energy from non-fossil fuels† (Brown et al. 2008, 11). According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Arent et al. 2009, 1-2), petroleum accounts for 90% of Hawaii’s energy consumption and 75% of their electricity. Since Hawaii has no pipelines or oil fields, they are forced to import petroleum to accommodate their energy needs (Arent et al. 2009, 1). Hawaii is disconnected from the rest of the United States, which means that Hawaii has to take care of its own energy needs (CroucherRead More The Future of Renewable Energy and RE Policy Mechanisms2121 Words   |  9 Pagestime for society to look beyond the limited and dirty fossil fuels as the energy of choice and promote the use of the abundant renewable energy sources we are endowed with. Because the subsidies to wind and other alternative energies ultimately generate more in come than their initial costs and because we continue to subsidize fossil fuels, we should modify governmental tax policy to incentivize and establish the renewable energy industries so that they remain competitive with fossil fuels. Estimates

Human Resource Management An Organization - 3527 Words

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: Introduction: Human resource management is the all about of recruitment, employee’s selection, providing necessary training and skill development, assessment of employees, and all other factors related to the employees in organization. Human: refers to the skilled and unskilled workforce in the organization Resource: refers to limited availability of scarce Management: refers to the process of coordination of human resource in organization to get the best results is called management. Human resource management is the process of maximises utilization of available skilled workforce. The main key role of HRM is to get best results out of available human resource in organization. Human resource management is the back bone of any organization. Human resource management plays an important vital role to achieve high targets with minimum use of resources. Human resource management provides benefits, motivation, maintain proper relationship with labour, maintain employees’ safety, and all other issues linked with employees working in organization. There is a human mind behind the production of every product or service, hard work, effort or man hours. It is impossible to produce any product or service without help of human. Human being is the main resource for making or constructing anything. According to Edwin Flippo HRM is â€Å"planning, organizing, directing, controlling of procurement, development, compensation, integration, maintenance and separation ofShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management : The Management Of An Organization1250 Words   |  5 PagesHuman resource management is the management of an organization to build and maintain the relation between the employee and the organization in order to meet business objectives and employee expectations. The process of hiring and developing employees so that they become more valuable to the organization. Human resource management is the governance of an organization s employee. HRM is sometimes referred to simply as human resource. HRM is the process of recruitment, selection of employee, providingRead MoreHuman Resource Management : The Management Of An Organization980 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management Overview Human Resource Management is the management of an organization’s employees. When a company designates a Human Resource (HR) department, those in HR are the ones responsible for overseeing the well-being of personnel in the workplace, and focus on how to attract, hire, train, motivate, and maintain employees of the organization. (DeCenzo, Robbins, Verhulst, 2013, p4). According to David S. Bright from the Raj Soin College of Business at Wright State UniversityRead MoreHuman Resource Management And An Organization Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesHuman resource management is a tool in an organization, which focuses on the recruitment, management, and giving direction to the people who work in the organization. Human resource management is a vital component, which deals with issues concerned with people. Such issues include, hiring, performance management, developmental issues, safety, staff welfare, benefits and staff motivation. An organization cannot create a group of profess ional working staff without better human resources (Stewart, Read MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization1420 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource management is a term that is often used loosely and is assumed to be common sense, but the people behind good human resource teams know that those accusations are simply not true. HRM is all about how to manage people in the most effective manner in order to produce the best outcome for the company. HRM has many fascists, including recruitment of employees, initial training, hiring, advising employees, developing job descriptions, providing ongoing training to all employees, developingRead MoreHuman Resource Management At An Organization1488 Words   |  6 PagesAs a human resource manager, there is a duty to manage workforce productivity. This adds on to the normal workload and responsibility of a human resource manager but is needed for optimizing the return on investment for the organizations’ labor expense. When looki ng at any organizations’ human resource department the main purpose is its effectiveness both in staff and in business. In order to be effective, most human resource managers first must develop an effective professional. That begins withRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource Management is very important in every organization. It satisfies the needs of man power and creates an atmosphere where all employees can work together to achieve the goals of an organization. HRM role is to plan how to recruit right people and give experienced and well trained workforce to organization. It makes plans for training and development of human resource in an organization. The main functions of Human Resource Management in an organization are given below: 1. RecruitmentRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization1524 Words   |  7 Pagestougher competition, Human Resource Management has taken on roles that have intermeshed them with the company as a strategic partner rather than just an individualized operating type system focused on simple tasks. Critical to a corporation’s growth and success is their ability to gain a competitive edge. Superior Human Resource Management assists the organizations fulfill its goals and attain success. This paper will outline why it is essential for Human Resource Management to transform beyond itsRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Management As competition increases around the world, leading companies in every business category have recognized that having a quality workforce can help the company gain a competitive advantage in the market. Many companies have started hiring people irrespective of their race, sex, religion, nationality etc. The critical thing for any company is to understand and use potential of their workforce. Building and managing top-quality workforce is not as easy as it may seem. In orderRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization910 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Greer, Youngblood, and Gray (1999), it appears that in today’s business environment, one might argue that human resource management (HR) departments are being questioned to change what is described as their bureaucratic culture and to be customer –oriented, and provide outstanding service. Thus, in order to accomplish this, one might argue that it requires outsourcing in combination with an internal HR focus on a particular organization’s core competencies, particularly when it meansRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Organization Essay3485 Words   |  14 PagesAbstract Human resource management plays an intricate role to at every company. The human resource profession has grown rapidly throughout the years creating multiple departments which specialize in specific areas. Categorized as a large corporation, Nestle Purina Petcare Company utilizes all functions of HR management. Having an organized and developed HR team allows the company to function and develop efficiently. There are seven main functions in which human resource management can be categorized

Drug Testing for Welfare Free Essays

Drug Testing for Welfare According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, 4,300,000 Americans are on government based aid, or welfare. That is a little over four percent of the population in America. Welfare is an income based government aid that supports individuals and their families financially if they are unable to support themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Testing for Welfare or any similar topic only for you Order Now Welfare is not just given out; you have to apply and be accepted in order to receive the money. Welfare is an income-based aid, drug testing before being granted welfare should be mandatory. There would be many advantages to administering drug test to people who want to receive help in the form of government aid. Drug testing before granting any person welfare checks should be mandatory. An advantage to having welfare recipients drug tested before being granted welfare is that the recipient may be more willing to get help or seek treatment if government aid is being hindered. An article from Health and Human services writes that â€Å"in states where drug testing is mandatory to receive welfare, they have seen people quit using drugs and alcohol, which makes them more employable. (brainstatistics. com) Not all individuals are using the money from welfare for drugs, but many people are. People who are on welfare and doing drugs are double negatives to society and do not contribute. They aren’t trying to be employable so they can remain on welfare. Also, drug testing these people could have a net savings for the government, but that would just be another aspect tha t contributes to drug testing welfare recipients. When saving the government money and potentially turning people’s lives around being drug tested before receiving government aid would be a good change for society. The taxpayers in the United States should not have to support a drug user’s addiction. When welfare recipients are not drug tested before receiving welfare checks they could be using the checks, or the taxpayer’s money to buy their drugs, alcohol or cigarettes. Making sure welfare  is being spent on appropriate items is hard to control once the money is in the pocket of an individual, but drug testing before, and potentially during an individual’s time on welfare could eliminate money lost to drugs and alcohol during the recipient’s time on welfare. In doing this it is saving the government money and using the taxpayer’s money for something that contributes to a positive aspect in society. When the government is handing out welfare checks to people who are using them for drugs the money is not being spent with the right intentions and is not only hurting our economy, but we are the ones supporting it. When doing the drug tests, it will eliminate the drug users and hopefully convince them to get help or stay clean so they are able to get a job or become eligible for welfare. In my opinion drug testing should be mandatory. Taxpayer’s should not be putting money into a drug fund, we should be giving government aid to the individuals who are struggling, not because of an addiction or a habit, we should be contributing to the single moms, or the retired soldiers, or the critically ill. If an individual is in need of the money bad enough and they are using it for the right reasons then a simple drug test should not be an issue. Especially since they are not paying for it themselves, not only will this benefit the government but also it could benefit the individuals who are using drugs. If they need the money bad enough it could be an incentive for them to get clean. It will be an expensive fix, but when you help individuals who would usually be on state or government aid become an employee, they can get off of state or government aid and support themselves. When people are becoming independent and getting off government aid, the government starts saving money on the people who would have been using the money for drugs or alcohol. I think welfare is an amazing â€Å"temporary† aid for people who are struggling but when people start to rely on it is when the government has issues. Nothing is ever bad unless you misuse it. Although there are many positive aspects to drug testing welfare applicants, there are also negative aspects to giving drug tests to every applicant. Not only could doing mandatory drug tests upset the people who aren’t using drugs and could violate privacy laws, but drug testing could be a very expensive fix to a huge problem, when drug testing individuals the taxpayer would be paying for the tests to be done on each individual. The prices could add up and could put a debt on the state in the turn-around wasn’t a positive one. There could be a short fall in the money you spend and the money you would immediately save. This could cost the state and government a large sum of money to start out with and if the results weren’t good the state could lose more money than they would have without doing the drug tests. Mandatory drug testing should be a requirement for individuals to be eligible for welfare. There are far more positive aspects to drug testing than there are negative. If there are over four million people on government aid we should make a movement to try and get a percentage of those people into jobs and independently making their own money. Once they are independently making their own money the government will not be responsible for them anymore. Applying and being granted government aid is not a right, it is a privilege and to many people take advantage of the system. If government aid is misused, one day we will not be able to use it, and that will be because the people who didn’t actually need it, or the people who used it to supply their addiction or their habit abused it and we ran out of money. If welfare is a privilege, then people should be willing to do whatever it takes to get approved, including a required drug test to prove that you are not going to spend the government’s money on drugs or alcohol. When doing that you gain the state and governments trust, if you accomplish that they grant you welfare checks to temporarily support you. That’s how the system should be run so our taxpayer’s are supporting the people who are financially struggling. Works Cited â€Å"Welfare Statistics. † Statisticbrain. com/welfare-statistics/. US Department of Health and Human Services, 15 Oct. 2012. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. Geenblatt, Alan. â€Å"Does Drug Testing Welfare Recipients Save Money? † Does Drug Testing Welfare Recipients Save Money? N. p. , July 2012. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http://www. governing. com/topics/health-human-services/gov-does-drug-testing-welfare-recipients-save-money. html. Smith, Phillip. â€Å"Feature: Bills to Require Drug Testing for Welfare, Unemployment Pop Up Around the Country. † Raising Awareness of the Consequences of Prohibition. N. p. 20 Mar. 2009. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http://stopthedrugwar. org/chronicle/2009/mar/20/feature_bills_require_drug_testi. â€Å"Should Welfare Recipients Be Tested for Drugs. † US News. U. S. News World Report, n. d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http://www. usnews. com/debate-club/should-welfare-recipients-be-tested-for-drugs. J. F. â€Å"Welfare and Drug Testing. † The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 2 Sept. 2011. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http://www. ec onomist. com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/09/welfare-and-drug-testing. How to cite Drug Testing for Welfare, Papers Drug Testing for Welfare Free Essays The Push for Drug Testing of Welfare Recipients United States lawmakers face one of the most pressing issues of our time-welfare reform. New screening processes, often considered a direct violation of constitutional rights, have already been enacted in many states. Strong evidence exists, asserting that the practice of administering drug testing to welfare recipients will cost the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Testing for Welfare or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. taxpayers more money in the long run, stigmatize applicants and participants, and serve only the purpose of making the pharmaceutical companies more powerful. In order to protect the constitutional rights of potential welfare recipients, United States awmakers should avoid further criminalizing the poor by submitting them to drug testing and/or a nationwide welfare registry. This year, 29 states have either proposed or already passed legislation calling for drug testing to receive welfare benefits. Brian Kelley reports that of those 29 states, several are seeing a great deal of financial loss as a result of this legislation: During the past year, the state of Utah has spent over $30,000 giving drug tests to welfare recipients. In that time period, only 2. 6 percent of those tested were found to have used illegal substances † well below the national use rate of 8. 9 percent (1). Kelley goes on to report: In 2012, three years and 87,000 screenings later, only one person had failed a drug test. Total savings from denying that one person benefits? $560. Total benefits paid out in that time? $200 million. Even if we include the savings from cutting benefits to the 1,633 people who didn’t return the pre-test survey, it brings the total to only 0. percent of the amount distributed over that period (1). The numbers do not lie†little evidence exists that supports the claim that drug testing recipients will save money. Striving to prove that the main source of the drug problem in the United States lies in he recipients of the welfare program, policymakers continue to work fervently. The overgeneralization of the poor as drug users has become common practice in Washington. Lawmakers seem to feel th at because recipients receive government funding, they in turn give up their constitutional rights as U. S. citizens. The practice of criminalizing the poor has become commonplace in the creation of U. S. governmental policy. Karen Gustafson is someone who knows a lot about the criminalization of the poor. She has spent much of her time researching and writing about Just that. According to Gustafson, â€Å"The public desire to deter and punish welfare cheating has overwhelmed the will to provide economic security to vulnerable members of society (644). † Because of the misuse of welfare funds by a few, the entire underprivileged population has been targeted as criminals†as lazy, drug abusing sponges. Over the past several decades, the United States government has spent billions of dollars in an effort to catch and prosecute those who are abusing the welfare system. This practice is necessary in order to rid the welfare system of abusers. However, often verlooked is the fact that there are many recipients who are not drug users and are still in need of aid. It is the duty of the U. S. government to provide aid without encouraging potential participants to teel like they are being considered as potential criminals from the very beginning of the application process. The cross-agency process involved in the welfare and criminal Justice systems is unconstitutional and an invasion of the privacy of the American underprivileged. As welfare reform began to take place so did the social misconception that recipients are criminals did as well. In fact, welfare recipients often receive the same treatment as parolees and probationers. This is in part due to the fact that too many law enforcement techniques are embedded in the welfare system. Gustafson tells us: Her social security number has been matched against state and national criminal records The financial information she has provided has been matched against various employment databases, IRS records, and Franchise Tax Board records Her personal information has been entered into the welfare system’s database, which may be accessed by law enforcement officers without any basis for suspicion All f this has occurred before she has received a single welfare check (645). There is no doubt that those Americans in need of assistance have been subjected to unconstitutional treatment by the welfare program. As a result of the criminal actions of a few, all of the needy are being unfairly scrutinized. The implementation of unfounded drug testing in addition to the already criminalizing application process will only serve to further stigmatize the needy†and all in the name of the mighty dollar. Some believe that it is not the quest to save money that is the driving force behind the push for this legislation. Rather, it is a desire to make millions for the pharmaceutical companies that lawmakers are seeking to achieve. Lobbyist interference from multi-million dollar pharmaceutical companies has heavily influenced Washington lawmakers’ policymaking. These pharmaceutical companies have their hand in much of the United States lawmaking practice. These powerful corporations stand to make a lot of money from the sale of drug testing supplies and services to the U. S. government. Macdonald reports: several Republican lawmakers in Congress have pushed hard for the mandatory drug testing of anyone, nywhere, applying for welfare. Leading the charge in the senate is Orrin Hatch who received $8,000 campaign contributions in 2012 from the political action committee of Laboratory Corporation of America (LabCorp), $3000 from another political action committee to which LabCorp contributes, as well as $4000 in campaign contributions from another company with major interests in drug testing, Abbott Laboratories (15). According to Macdonald, Orrin Hatch is not the only lawmaker with these corporations in his pocket. â€Å"GOP Congressman Charles Boustany received $1 5,000 from Abbott Laboratories (15). The fact that Congressmen and women are receiving contributions from pharmaceutical companies is disturbing to say the least. The American underprivileged do not stand a chance at ever overcoming their circumstances as long as lawmakers continue to be driven by greed, rather than their best interest. If United States lawmakers really had the best interest of the underprivileged in mind, they would be focusing fewer resources on treating those who test positive for substance abuse and more on the underlying mental and physical causes for the abuse. Pollack tells us, â€Å"Even among women who eported recent illicit substance abuse, depression, physical health problems and limited education were actually more common barriers to self-sufficiency and social tunctioning(2) † Pollack turtner states, â€Å"Most weltare recipients [ . ] were casual marijuana users who didn’t meet screening criteria for marijuana (or other substance use) disorders. Ironically, chemical testing technologies were most sensitive to identifying marijuana users who rarely needed addiction services (2). Mental and physical disabilities and the lack of healthcare are often the underlying cause of drug use to begin with as a means of self-medication. These issues receive far too little attention in the U. S. government policy decisions, unlike that of drug use. Pollack’s research outlines the statistical data on illicit drug use as it compares to mental and physical health problems: However one runs the numbers, illicit drug use disorders are not common among welfare recipients. Other physical and mental health problems are far more prevalent. How to cite Drug Testing for Welfare, Papers

Immunology Infection Control in Healthcare

Question: Discuss about the Immunology for Infection Control in Healthcare. Answer: Fever refers to a temporal rise in ones body temperature above the normal 37 degrees Celsius, usually as a sign of an illness and/or infection. Peters fever developed after the immune system detected the presence of harmful foreign microbes that needed to be destroyed. In response, the liver generated sufficient heat in the body according to Lehne, Moore, Crosby, Hamilton (2013), that could destroy the microbes and at the same time activate the bodys protective cells such as the CD8+ T Cells and the neutrophils to fight the microbes. Fever has two major benefits discussed below; a. First, the increase in body temperature usually beyond 37.9 degrees Celsius leads to the death of bacterial microbes within the body (Lehne et al, 2013). On the other hand, an increase of this temperature to 38.8 degrees from the normal 37.0 degrees Celsisus will render the viruses in the body to be unable to undergo replication and are immobilized thus preventing them from spreading to other parts of the body. b. Secondly, fever activate lymphocytes to fight viruses, bacteria among other pathogens that have entered the body through various routes of entry such as inhalation, ingestion, among others. For instance, the high body temperature resulting from a fever triggers CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells of the immune system which helps in the destruction of cancer-causing cells and the virus-infected cells (Craft et al 2015). Research shows that CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell numbers increase with an increase in temperature of an individual. Body temperature increase as a result of fever also enables the activation of neutrophils whose role is to target and destroy bacterial cells that are infectious. Thus, according to Lehne et al, 2013), hyperthermia triggers the activities of lymphocytes and more so the CD8+ cytotoxic T Cells which destroy both tumour and virus-infected cells. The enzymatic activities and the high temperatures makes the pathogens unable to survive and therefore die off. Once the Influenza virus reaches the respiratory tract it leads to inflammation tracheal superficial epithelium necrosis and even on the bronchial mucosa (Boland Santall, 2011). Usually it predisposes the body to secondary bacterial invasion. Among the most dreaded bacterial infection include pneumonia. The body can be able to develop immunity to the Influenza virus but there is need to prevent the bacterial infection. Therefore, Peter was given phenoxymethylpenicillin for 10 days as prophylaxis with an intention of preventing the development of any bacterial load, suspected to have been part of the infection (Bullock Maria, 2014). Through this prophylaxis, Peter will not be infected and/or suffer from bacterial infections including pneumonia. Phenoxymethylpenicillin is useful in the treatment of mild and moderate gram positive bacterial infections. Administered orally, Phenoxymethylpenicillin can be useful for prophylaxis to protect a patient from other susceptible organisms (Lee Bishop, 2016). The drug destroys the inter-peptide links of the peptidoglycan molecule within the cell wall of the gram positive bacteria. Cell walls that have the cross-links of the peptidoglycan weak and vulnerable to collapsing disintegrate particularly when the infectious bacteria try to divide. Human cells are eukaryotic and thus have no cell wall making Phenoxymethylpenicillctive very safe for humans as the cells cannot be damaged. Some of the gram positive bacteria treated by this drug include Streptococcus pneumonia and viridans among others. Antibiotics cannot be effective in treating a viral infection because they have no target on any viruses. Viruses replicate very fast and can only be targeted by anti-viral medication and/or vaccinations (Lee Bishop, 2016). Unlike in bacterial infections where antibiotics target to destroy the cell wall of the pathogens and/or interfere with cellular DNA repair for instance, viruses have no cell wall and their replication mechanism make it impossible for antibiotics to destroy them. The first mode of transmission that must have led to Peters flu infection is through inhaling influenza contaminated air from an infected person (Craft, 2016). This must have been through talking with an infected individual within 6 feet, who spread the viral droplets to him. Secondly, Peter might have acquired the virus from by touching deposited cough/sneeze nuclei and/or droplet from an infected person and then without his knowledge rubbed his nose, mouth and eyes with the virus cough nuclei. Usually, cough and sneeze nuclei are left deposited on surfaces. People who have habit of rubbing their nose, eyes and mouth are likely to transmit the virus to themselves (Porth, 2014). These droplets can be deposited on surfaces within a 6-feet distance from a coughing and/or sneezing infected individual. To break the modes of transmission of influenza virus, there is need for those suffering from the flu to use handkerchiefs while coughing and sneezing by partially blocking their mouths and noses (Lee Bishop, 2016). This prevents the splashing and spreading of droplets and nuclei to others. Secondly, people should avoid congested and crowded places as they may most likely inhale the flu nuclei from others. The physiological basis for the first symptoms including fever, running nose, sneezing and lymphadenopathy indicate the bodys initial immune response to pathogenic infections. The fever for instance indicates that the immune system wants to destroy harmful microbes by raising the body temperature (Porth, 2014). The running nose is as a result of the bodys immune response of producing excess mucus that contains protective macrophages that not only deter the movement of microbes but also destroy them. Lymphadenopathy is a result of the lymphatic systems response to infections by providing a platform for macrophage and pathogen interaction in the lymph nodes (Bullock Maria, 2014). Sneezing is an immune response that is partly voluntary and partly involuntary aimed at ejecting pathogens within the upper respiratory tract. The second symptoms include aching joints, tiresome feeling and headaches. Physiologically, aching of joints and feeling tired is as a result on insufficient energy within the body. This means that the bodys energy production has gone down as a result of infection and the energy used up in generating heat to destroy the microbes. As the immune system responds to the infection, the body has to generate sufficient heat to destroy the viruses and probably the bacterial load within it. Thus, much energy is by priority allocated to heat generation, leaving other essential organs with lesser energy (Boland Santall, 2011). Headaches are a result of reduced oxygen supply to the blood as the throat is infected, making Peter the patient, to breath in air in short breaths. The short breaths taken in have insufficient levels of oxygen necessary for the body that now requires more energy. This is the same reason as to why the patient feels tired. The third signs of influenza include swollen and red throat, and a yellow-white exudate on the tonsils. Physiologically, the redness is as a result of increased temperature and pain on the throat resulting from destruction of infectious microbes by the neutrophils and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells (Engelhardt, 2012). Another reason is that once the Influenza virus reaches the respiratory tract it leads to inflammation tracheal superficial epithelium necrosis and even on the bronchial mucosa. This inflammation is the cause of the swelling, heat and pain leading to redness (Marieb Hoehn, 2016). The yellow exudate on the tonsils results also as a by-product of this inflammation in the upper respiratory tract. Therefore, as the body fights the pathogens, the parts of the immune system within the patient are put to full functionality so as to return the body to its normal state. One of the major differences between viruses and bacteria is that bacteria have all the cell organelles necessary for growth and for multiplication and they that they reproduce by binary fusion. Viruses on the other hand majorly carry information in form of DNA and RNA as a protein/membranous package (Engelhardt, 2012). They therefore have no organelles for reproduction and instead rely on those of the host cell for reproduction. Secondly unlike bacteria which rely on themselves for reproduction, viruses integrate into the DNA and RNA of the host cell to be translated into multiple forms of the same virus. The host cell will then burst, releasing the multiple forms of the virus. Therefore, a virus must have a host cell to reproduce. References Boland, M. (Director), Santall, J. (Presenter), Video Education Australasia, (2011). Infection Control in healthcare (Videorecording). Bendigo Australia: VEA. Bullock, S., Maria, E. (2014), Fundamentals of Pharmacology (7th ed.), Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson Australia Craft, J., Gordon, C., Heuther, S., McCance, K., Brashers, V., Rose, N. (2015) Understanding pathophysiology 2. Chatswood, Australia Elsevier. Lee, G., Bishop, P. (2016). Microbiology and Infection Control for health Professionals (6th Ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Pearson Australia. Lehne, R. A., Moore, L., Crosby, L., Hamilton, D. (2013), Pharmacology for Nursing Care (8th ed.), St Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier. Marieb, E.N., Hoehn, K. (2016), Human Anatomy and Physiology (10th global Edition), Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. Porth, C. M., G. (2014), Pathophysiology Concepts of altered health states (9th ed.), Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Engelhardt, O. (2012). Many ways to make an influenza virus - review of influenza virus reverse genetics methods. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 7(3), 249-256. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00392.x Influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA); Influenza A virus neuraminidase (NA); Influenza A virus matrix protein M2 (M2); Influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein (PB1-F2). (2009). Science-Business Exchange, 2(18), 6-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scibx.2009.753 Influenza A virus vaccine H1N1/influenza virus vaccine. (2012). Reactions Weekly, NA;(1421), 31. https://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201214210-00102